Balancing the federal budget is a topic that never really goes away. If you look at a simple example from an article about balanced budgets, it shows that a budget can only be closed if you essentially pull back all the money that was spent. But in that specific scenario, they aren't accounting for things like foreign exchange, loans, investments, or specific tax and tariff rates. It’s too isolated.
We could run a theoretical macroeconomic calculation by looking at the actual inflow of cash and figuring out the maximum amount of money available for circulation. In the first part of this calculation, we'd factor in everything: imports, exports, smuggling, domestic loans, various excise taxes, foreign aid, both domestic and foreign investment, international loans, any non-credit emissions, and the black market just to find the total liquid money available. That initial phase would also calculate potential tax revenue, retained profits, and the trade balance, both with and without credit.
In the second part of the calculation, using the principle of taxable transactions, we'd figure out how much total turnover can actually happen before that available money turns into pure profit and tax. Someone’s spending—which might come from government funds or other sources—eventually ends up as someone else's savings, collected taxes, or more money being spent elsewhere.

The process just repeats itself with each subsequent round of spending, but the amount of money involved gets smaller every time. In math theory, this is just the sum of a geometric series.
Gross Turnover = Someone's Spending * (1+tax)/(tax+profit)
Total Savings = Someone's Spending * profit/(profit+tax)
Collected Tax = Someone's Spending * tax/(profit+tax)
Total Savings + Collected Tax = Someone's Spending
In these formulas, "tax" represents the tax rate applied to the base, and "profit" is the percentage of that base that stays behind as savings. So, the tax rate could technically be zero or even higher than 100%, while savings could range from 0 to 100%. You get a similar result for the black market where the tax rate is effectively zero.
You could make the calculation even more complex by splitting the money being spent or entering the system into different groups of actors based on certain ratios. That way, you could assign specific amounts of money to certain groups for certain activities, giving them unique characteristics like profit margins, shares, interest rates, or levels of government ownership.
Looking at that formula for collected tax, it’s clear that collected tax will always be less than someone's spending if there is a savings rate involved. However, if you factor in loans and money flowing in from overseas, there is a chance to balance the budget or even create a surplus. Of course, if it's a loan, the consequence is debt—which is basically a cost in the future that exceeds the profit made today. The theoretical calculation shows this quite clearly.
Another thing you see from the gross turnover formula is that turnover increases if the tax rate drops, but if the profit margin stays the same, then the Total Savings also increases. Ultimately, this leads to lower tax revenue. This means the government can't actually fill its coffers by cutting taxes unless the real sector lowers its profit margin. For that to work, the real sector has to increase productivity—meaning they have to achieve the same profit through higher production. The real sector shouldn't get too excited about tax cuts, because for that to be sustainable, their realized profit has to stay constant. How that happens in a market economy is the real question.
Thirdly, the formula for gross turnover shows that increasing the money available for spending also boosts turnover. This is where the true role of credit comes in. Credit essentially spends future profits to create tax revenue in the present. By increasing spending through credit expansion, it’s possible to balance a current federal budget or even hit a surplus. Does this give public service unions a green light to fight for higher wages? It’s an interesting question. Yet, it happens all the time. Clearly, balancing the budget depends on the additional supply of money for spending. Reducing credit leads to lower tax revenue, lower domestic consumption, and lower corporate profits. The alternatives to credit expansion are:
- getting foreign cash without debt
- the debt-free money emission show
Look, it’s obviously way easier to just take out a loan than it is to actually build up a big enough trade surplus with other countries. And while this idea of emitting money without creating debt sounds great on paper, there’s a catch. Since our local currency isn't globally convertible, it doesn't really fix the underlying issue of a constant trade deficit. Basically, if you want to use non-credit money emission, you have to pair it with fixing that trade gap first. Taking loans from overseas is unfortunately just the easiest path for an economy that's essentially delaying its own bankruptcy. If you actually plan on paying those loans back, the math shows you need a real source of funds to do it. You can pay off foreign loans using a trade surplus, sure, but domestic loans could theoretically be paid back through non-credit money emission. Still, you can't turn that domestic debt repayment into foreign currency to move it out of the country unless you have that trade surplus. It seems like without hitting that necessary trade surplus, avoiding national bankruptcy is impossible. Non-credit emission should really only be used for what the Federal Reserve is supposed to do—providing liquidity for our own economy.
If you look at the calculations, having the government hold larger stakes in profitable companies tends to shrink the budget deficit. This means that privatization—where the government sells off those shares—actually forces the budget deficit to grow if profit margins stay the same. And let's be honest, a private company is always going to prioritize maximizing its profit margin rather than helping lower the deficit.
Here is the table for the theoretical macroeconomic calculations:
https://sites.google.com/site/financ...roracun_11.xlsI might update or add to this table over time. There's a "Description" tab that explains all the terms used in the sheet.