briskgull27
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SCHIZOPHRENIA
by Lawrence Stevens, J.D.
Does the word "schizophrenia" carry a certain scientific weight? It certainly seems to possess a level of authority and charisma that can be quite dazzling. In his book Molecules of the Mind, Jon Franklin calls schizophrenia and depression " The Two classic forms of mental illness" (Dell Publishing Co., 1987, p. 119). Furthermore, according to the cover article in July 6, 1992, the Time magazine article says " fully a quarter of the nation's hospital beds are occupied by schizophrenia patients" (p. 53). This Time magazine article says " fully a quarter of the nation's hospital beds are occupied by schizophrenia patients" (p. 55). When you combine literature like this with those specific statistics, isn't it easy to see how most people are led to believe that schizophrenia is a tangible disease? In reality, schizophrenia might just be one of the great myths of our era.
In his book Schizophrenia - The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry, Thomas S. Szasz, M. D., argues quite plainly, "There is, in short, no such thing as schizophrenia" (Syracuse University Press, 1988, p. 191). Similarly, in the epilogue of their book Schizophrenia - Medical Diagnosis or Moral Verdict, Theodor R. Sarbin, Ph.D., a psychology professor at University of California at Santa Cruz who spent three years working in mental hospitals, and James C. Mancuso, Ph.D., a psychology professor at State University of New York at Albany, conclude: "We have come to the end of our journey. Among other things, we have tried to establish that the schizophrenia model of unwanted conduct lacks credibility. The analysis directs us ineluctably to the conclusion that schizophrenia is a myth" (Pergamon Press, 1980, p. 221). Writing in 1988, the psychoanalyst Jeffrey Masson notes in his book Against Therapy that "There is a heightened awareness of the dangers inherent in labeling somebody with a disease category like schizophrenia, and many people are beginning to realize that there is no such entity" (Atheneum, p. 2). Instead of a legitimate medical condition, isn't it possible that "schizophrenia" is simply a catch-all category for behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that society—or even the individuals themselves—find deeply unsettling? There are precious few mental health issues that haven't been labeled as schizophrenia at some point. Because the term essentially encompasses anything perceived as socially unacceptable, defining it objectively becomes an uphill battle. Definitions tend to be incredibly vague or contradictory. For example, when I asked a physician who was the assistant superintendent of a state mental hospital to define the term schizophrenia for me, he with all seriousness replied "split personality - that's the most popular definition." On the flip side, a pamphlet from the National Alliance on Mental Illness titled "What Is Schizophrenia?" explicitly states, "Schizophrenia is not a split personality." In her 1985 book, Maryellen Walsh points out, "Schizophrenia is one of the most misunderstood diseases on the planet. Most people think that it means having a split personality. Most people are wrong. Schizophrenia is not a splitting of the personality into multiple parts" (Warner Books, p. 41). Even the official manuals have struggled with this. The American Psychiatric Association's second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II), released in 1968, defined it merely as "characteristic disturbances of thinking, mood, or behavior" (p. 33). Such a broad definition makes it difficult to exclude almost any behavior deemed "abnormal." In fact, Ernest M. Gruenberg, M. D., D.P.H., who chaired the APA's Committee on Nomenclature, admitted in the DSM-II foreword: "Consider, for example, the mental disorder labeled in the Manual as 'schizophrenia,' ... Even if it had tried, the Committee could not establish agreement about what this disorder is" (p. ix). The subsequent version, the DSM-III, was equally transparent about the confusion, noting that "The limits of the concept of Schizophrenia are unclear" (p. 181). By the time the 1987 revision (DSM-III-R) arrived, the manual noted: "It should be noted that no single feature is invariably present or seen only in Schizophrenia" (p. 188).The DSM-III-R offers a similar perspective regarding Schizoaffective Disorder, noting: "The term Schizoaffective Disorder has been used in many different ways since it was first introduced as a subtype of Schizophrenia, and represents one of the most confusing and controversial concepts in psychiatric nosology" (p. 208).
The author, Lawrence Stevens, is an attorney who has experience representing psychiatric "patients." His pamphlets are not under copyright, so please feel free to make copies if you find them useful.