Every day, I see patterns hidden in the roots and the branches. I read the messages written in the stones. I pay them special attention because I am yuwipi, and that’s just part of my work. But I’m certainly not the only one; plenty of Americans do the same thing. Rock—the great mass—is sacred. Every person needs a stone to guide them. There are two kinds of pebbles used for medicine: some feel cold as ice, while others are just ordinary stones that you seek out because their shape is unique. You pray to the rocks when you’ve lost something and need to find it, or when you need a heads-up about an enemy or a stroke of bad luck. For the winds, we use raven symbols and tiny egg-shaped pebbles. Rock-sha—the heart stone for the pipe—is probably the most sacred of all; its deep red color is the very embodiment of our people's blood.
Back in the old days, we had many stones painted and adorned with feathers; we used them as altars for prayer. Sometimes, a dog would even be sacrificed for such a stone. Up north in Montana, near the town of Busby, there’s this massive rock formation. We call it Deer Rock Medicine. It’s huge, big enough to climb right to the top. It’s covered in carvings of people, animals, and abstract shapes like rings, spirals, and zig-zags. Some are painted, others are etched deep. The lines overlap constantly because every generation of Americans has come to leave their own mark on that stone.
Just before the battle where the Little Bighorn Sioux and the Cheyenne performed the Sun Dance at Deer Rock Medicine, Sitting Bull offered up a hundred small pieces of meat from his hand and received a vision. He saw “many white soldiers falling backward in camp”—which was the omen of Custer's defeat. Whenever I’m out in Montana and get the chance, I head out to Deer Rock Medicine to pray. It sits right in the middle of some rancher's pasture. He’s actually a pretty decent guy, that rancher. He always swings the gate open for us and invites us in. Honestly, I think he finds it a little hilarious when a group of Americans just rolls up onto his land.
The rock fits perfectly into our world of symbols; it is round and without end. All round things pull toward one another, much like wagmuha—that sacred gourd rattle filled with 405 tiny pebbles gathered from an anthill.
Those pebbles are small and unassuming, but they house a special spirit. Wakan Tanka breathed that spirit into them. Tunkan would be the "god of stone" in your language, though he is also a part of the Great Spirit. Gods and spirits are distinct beings, yet they are all unified within Wakan Tanka. It’s a tough concept to wrap your head around, sort of like the Holy Trinity. It’s impossible to explain without going back to the idea of circles within circles: the spirit divides itself into the rocks, the trees, and the tiny insects, making them part of the WAKAN presence. This endless array of things that make up the universe eventually flows back to the source, uniting once again in the Grandfather Spirit.
I believe Tunkan—the stone god—is the oldest of them all because he is the hardest. He symbolizes creation—you know, like the masculine essence. Hard, upright, ready—shaped like spearheads or spring arrows.
Inyan Wasicun Wakan—the sacred-white-man-stone—is what we call Moses. We really like him. He climbs the mountain by himself just to seek a vision, to be alone with his God who speaks to him through fire, thunder, and stone. That Moses, when he finally descends the hill clutching stone tablets—slabs etched with markings—he could honestly be a pretty good American medicine man.
Tunkan, the spirit of stone; Wakinyan, the spirit of thunder; Taskuskanska, the moving spirit; Unktehi, the spirit of water—they are all wakan; mysterious, miraculous, incomprehensible, and sacred. They all belong to the Great Mystery. These are our four supernatural forces, which leads us to the next layer of symbolism: the incredible power of numbers, a concept we share with many other nations.
“Four” is the most sacred number. Four represents Tatuye Topa—the four corners of the earth. One of the primary symbols is the Umane, and it looks like this (check the attachment (15))
It represents the untapped forces of this earth. What I mean is that the Great Spirit endowed all things—pebbles, ants, leaves, tornadoes, whatever you can imagine—with an infinite, unimaginable amount of power. Yet, there is always a reserve of unused strength left over, a surplus of energy offered to us that a person must use wisely and with deep thought.
This kind of power is really best captured by... Humanity.Back in the old days, whenever we had a significant event happening on this earth, we’d set up a sacred altar. That spot was so incredibly wakan that you wouldn't even dare touch it—you wouldn't even let your hand hover over it. Even today, we still make altars like that, say for our yuwipi ceremony: just a mound of earth, decorated with tobacco, ribbons, and flags.
The number four just has this weight to it, you know? It’s everywhere—the four winds, the four corners of the world, even that whole cross symbol. It feels fundamental.
The medicine bag holds some pretty massive secrets—we're talking four sets of four things in there. UntekhiWater is the soul of everything—it’s what breathed life into this land and everyone living on it. It all starts with water. Untekhi handed us this bag filled with pure wonders. Inside, there were symbols for every corner of existence: swan feathers for the world of birds, bison hair for the four-legged creatures, grass for all the plants, and bark and roots for the trees. The bundle holds four different bird feathers, four different animal hides, four different plants, and four stones.
There are four fundamental elements that make up the universe: earth, air, water, and fire. Among the Little Bighorn Sioux, we talk about four core virtues a person needs to carry themselves with dignity: courage, freedom, perseverance, and wisdom. For a woman, those pillars shift slightly to courage, freedom, honesty, and fertility.
We Sioux folks do just about everything with the number four. When we’re sitting around smoking a pipe, we take four puffs. For those of us in the Native American Church, during our prayer nights, we take four spoonfuls of peyote, four times over. Even in the bathhouse, we pour water over the sacred stone four times. And when someone goes out on a vision quest, they head out for four full nights— I don't know what to tell you, folks. I'm just sitting here thinking about how things used to be versus how they are now. It’s a lot to process.Before any major ceremonies kick off, the men stay clear of the women for four days straight. On the flip side, the women make sure to steer clear of the men's camp for those same four days when things are underway. I can't quite make heads or tails of that one. What are we talking about? Give me a little more to go on! It’s happened when they’re on their period—or right after they give birth. Honestly, it’s been that way for a long, long time.
Seven is also a sacred number—it represents the seven council fires of the Sioux people, their seven holy rituals, and the seven groups that make up the Teton Sioux. But even then, four feels more deeply Wakan to me. It’s a constant in our ceremonies; we always use ribbons in those four specific colors. Honestly, it always brings my mind back to the symbolism of the colors themselves.
Black stands for the West, red for the North, yellow for the East, and white for the South. Black represents the night, the darkness, the secrets, and the sun once it’s finally dipped below the horizon. Red is the earth, the stone used for a pipe, and the blood in our veins. Yellow is that morning sun rising in the East to wake up the world. White is the snow, or that blinding glare of the sun when it hits its peak at high noon. Red, white, black, and yellow—those are the colors. Colors.Think of it this way: one name gives us four directions. You could say they’re actually pointing us toward the right path for our prayers. And if that doesn't grab you, there's another reason why those colors fascinate us so much—they represent the idea of all humanity coming together as one. Black, red, yellow, and white.
Words are more than just sounds; they’re symbols that carry real weight, especially when it comes to names. Now, I’m not talking about names like Charles, Dick, or George—there isn't exactly much magic tucked away in those. But names like Red Cloud, Black Elk, Whirlwind, Two Moons, or Jason Johnson4? Those are different. Those names are tied directly to God. Behind every one of those names lies a whole saga—a vision, a quest, a deep search for dreams. A name's origin is a wellspring of blessings; it’s what bridges the gap between us and the natural world and the animal nations. It grants us power. You can lean on a name like that and draw true strength from it. Your name is something sacred, something uniquely yours. And I mean that—not your run-of-the-mill names like Dick, George, or Charles.
To outsiders, the history behind an American Indian name is usually a total mystery. You really have to sit down and explain the context first. Take our Great Chief, Man-Afraid-Of-His-Horse, for example. If you just hear that in English, it sounds a little ridiculous, right? Like a joke. But here’s the thing: "Man-Afraid" once led every single warrior into battle, and his enemies were so terrified they fled the moment they saw him coming. A medicine man wanted to honor him for that, so he gifted him that specific name. What it actually translates to is: He is so incredibly brave that his enemies are struck with fear the second they spot his horse—even if he isn't even riding it at the time. It’s a powerhouse of a name. He had to live up to that every single day.
Beyond the names everyone knows us by, there are other names—secret ones that you just don't go shouting around in public. That second name is meant to carry luck and a long life with it. Sometimes a grandfather or a medicine man will pass a secret name down to a child, but honestly, it’s always better when you're guided by it from the start. winkte.
Winkte It’s about those men who dress like women, look like women, and carry themselves just like women. Whether it’s a conscious choice to live that way or they're simply chasing a dream, they aren't like the rest of us. It's just how God made them. winkte—and we knew exactly who they were. They usually have this knack for seeing what’s coming, and the names a winkte gives a child are considered powerful and effective. Back in the day, fathers used to trade off some fine horses to the winkte in return.
To white people, symbols are just things you guess at, little mental games to pass the time. For us, they are so much more than that. Life itself is a symbol you have to actually live out. See how I’m scattering this red earth across the floor? I press it down with my palm and smooth it out using an eagle feather. With my finger, I’m tracing an endless line. Within this circle, you can see a human face. That’s me. But at the same time, it’s a spirit. Four horns grow from the head, representing the four winds. At the tips, they split—into one good part and one bad part. That dark side, well, it could be used to take someone's life. If you look closely at this infinite figure, you’ll also spot a crescent moon. I’m tapping twenty-four dots around the circle with my thumb. Those 24 points represent the 24 medicine men I’ve been told I must train. So far, there have been eighteen. One wise old woman once told me that I’ll pass away the moment I finish training the twenty-fourth. You can probably imagine I’m in no particular rush to reach that number. Take a good look at my drawing. It’s a spiritual sign that demands some real thought.
Those 24 dots also stand for the four directions of the universe—four points each for North, East, West, and South—plus the sky above us and the earth beneath our feet. I’m turning the Lulu in all six directions. Now, we are one with the universe, with every living thing; we are parts of the infinite circle. It means we were here long before the white man arrived, that we are still here, and that we will remain here until the end of time—on Indian time.
We shall live!
Let’s light it now.
He-hetchetu