Angela Wright said:Maybe trepanning isn't actually that hard to pull off, but you've gotta consider the massive infection risk when you open up someone's skull. If they were skilled enough to keep people alive long after the procedure, and smart enough to realize head trauma can cause hydrocephalus that needs draining, then I’m betting they knew exactly which artery to pinch to stop a woman from bleeding out. They probably knew which herbs to brew or poultices to use to dodge sepsis. Most likely, some old-timers learned the ropes on livestock—trying not to let a cow die since that was basically their bank account—and maybe used a few slaves to practice before moving on to the nobility.
I've got one big issue with your logic here: the reasons people wanted trepanation back in the day (migraines, epilepsy, mental issues, mystical stuff, or even making love potions out of skull shavings in ancient Egypt) are light years away from modern medical indications. Also, do you have any idea when people actually figured out what an infection is or that germs exist? You should really look into when humans started studying anatomy without being terrified of divine punishment, or when we finally understood how the circulatory system actually works. Even a C-section isn't some trivial little procedure, even by today's standards. Let's not mistake "gut feelings" for actual arguments. There's plenty of medical history out there—from ancient China, Egypt, and Greece, all the way through the Golden Age of Arabic medicine—that tells a much more complex story. I'm not saying people weren't trying to help, but their logic and worldview were nowhere near where we are now.
On the flip side, it's true that a ton of skulls found at archaeological sites show signs of trepanation, and some even show bone healing, which proves they survived the surgery. I can only imagine what life was like for them afterward 🙂. Even today, people survive sometimes because of doctors, and sometimes despite them.